What is the issue?
Children who have parents in the criminal justice system experience more real and worrying problems due to conditions affecting their emotional, physical, and economic well-being. Yet within Canada, there is a gap in knowledge about how many families and children are affected by parental involvement in the criminal justice system and the degree to which children are able to cope and understand their circumstances. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the specific challenges facing these children and the sustainable supports that could be put in place to meet their needs. This document provides information to highlight some of the challenges and factors already known about children who have parents involved in the criminal justice system.
Why is it an important issue?
The relationship a child has with their family, community, and broader support system becomes strained when a parent is arrested. There are underlying circumstances that can create challenges for children depending on the parent-child relationship prior to incarceration, the child’s developmental age, their ability to understand or cope with their circumstances, the length of the separation from the parent, the trauma as a result of the separation, and the resulting caregiver’s ability to provide stability and support during incarceration.
For example, in the event of parental arrest, the immediate caregiving needs of a child may become unstable and unknown to the parent. This is further complicated by the limited access to communication devices and resources for parents to maintain contact with their families. The lack of communication poses risks for children who may be facing sudden new living arrangements with a limited guarantee for the safety, stability, or quality of care being provided. Frequent and unpredictable housing can also disrupt the child’s connections to community supports and positive social networks that could protect them from further trauma or confusion.
In addition, the lack of stable caregiving can lead to less supervision for children, as a single parent may need to dedicate more time to work, limiting their availability to stay at home with their children. Frequent moves resulting from a limited income can require downsizing and social change, limiting access to resources, and a loss of connection to the community as families deal with shame and stigmatization.
Impact by Age Group
Infants:
For infants dealing with separation during this important stage of development, the disruption of the parent-infant bond, particularly with the mother, can result in psychological distress and withdrawal. Communication tools like video-conferencing or visitation do not allow for the physical contact needed to decrease stress and separation responses.
Toddler, Preschool, Young Children:
Children at this age develop best with stability and routine. Disruptions can cause regressive behaviors, separation anxiety, and negative emotions. Visiting a parent in custody can be stressful, involving invasive security procedures and limited physical contact.
Primary School Children:
As they grow older, children may develop more negative behaviors, conflicts with authority, and emotional withdrawal. Their need to feel “normal” can lead them to hide their experiences, which can distance them from finding support. Prolonged exposure to stress can lead to physiological issues, such as sleep deprivation.
Adolescents:
Adolescents have a greater capacity to understand their parent’s situation, which can result in emotional instability or anger. Youth may turn to social circles, including gang affiliation, to find belonging. They may also take on adult responsibilities to support their family, leading to a potential loss of educational opportunities.
How does this affect society?
Supporting vulnerable children when they need it could help build resilience and decrease future negative outcomes, such as gang involvement or criminal activity. Resources for families before and after involvement with the justice system can help reduce recidivism, rebuild relationships, and maintain opportunities for employment upon release.
What can be done about it?
Canada lacks holistic resources to support affected children and their families. Some possible solutions include:
- Resources and Support Groups: Children and families need resources to help them cope emotionally, physically, and economically.
- Better Communication Systems: A less intrusive communication and visitation system could help restore relationships between children and incarcerated parents.
- Role-Modeling and Support: Implementing role-modeling programs and support groups would provide individualized support to meet the specific needs of families.
Credits: This article was originally written by Shawnda Johnston, MA RCC. It is based on research conducted for the UFV Centre for Safe Schools and Communities. The original fact sheet is published by the University of the Fraser Valley:
UFV Centre for Safe Schools and Communities. (2013). Risk and Resiliency Factors for Children with Incarcerated Parents [Fact Sheet]. University of the Fraser Valley.
